Evidence-Based Practice Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evidence-Based Practice - Dissertation Example 1. PICOT Question: Does the obese African American (black) sixteen-year-old girl patient undergoing mastectomy and weight loss after surgery have a better chance of losing it that would result to the cancer not spreading to other parts after mastectomy if doctors assist her in losing weight compared if they do not intervene? 2. Intervention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage patients with breast cancer (P), how effective is weight loss after mastectomy compared to mastectomy without any weight loss (C) in minimizing the chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts after treatment (O) during and after the recovery and weight loss period? 3. Therapy Question: How long does it take a patient to lose weight (O) when the patient is an obese African American (black) teenage girl with breast cancer (P) whose doctor assists her in losing weight (I) as opposed to the patient whose doctor does not assist her in losing weight (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 4. Etiology Question: Are obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors assist in weight loss (I) lose weight faster and reduce chances of the cancer spreading to other body parts (O) compared with obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) whose doctors do not assist in weight loss (C) after the six weeks recovery period (T)? 5. Diagnostic Question: Is doctors assisting their patients lose weight after mastectomy (I), for obese African American (black) teenage girls (P) a better way of avoiding the cancer from spreading to other body parts (O) compared with doctors who do not help their patients lose weight (C)? 6. Prevention Question: In obese African American (black) teenage girls with breast cancer (P) what is the probability of the cancer spreading to other body parts after the mastectomy (O) when the doctor assists in the weight loss (I) and when the doctors do not assist in the weight loss (C) after the recovery period (T)?

A Review of the Literature Essay Example for Free

A Review of the Literature Essay Introduction Because the focus on market orientation has steadily increased over the last decade, academicians and marketing managers have begun to debate the effectiveness of market orientation as a profit enhancing strategy. Researchers and marketing managers are attempting to measure the benefits and costs associated with the implementation of market orientation. For researches and managers, the key questions that surround market orientation are whether or not it increases performance, and if so, in which circumstances should market orientation be implemented. In order for market orientation to become a cornerstone of business practices in years to come, these questions must be answered. This review will focus on three articles which address these key questions: Market Orientation and Company Performance: Empirical Evidence from UK Companies by Greenley, G (1995), Market Orientation: Antecedents and Consequences, by Jaworski and Kohli (1993) and The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability by Narver and Slater (1990). Summary of The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability by Narver Slater (1990) In The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability (1990), Narver and Slater address the lack of empirical evidence surrounding the effectiveness of market orientation. They begin the article by stating: market orientation is the very heart of modern marketing management and strategy ? yet to date, no one has developed a valid measure of it or assessed its influence on business performance? as a result, business practitioners have had no specific guidance as to what precisely a market orientation is and what its actual effect on business performance may be. Their study attempts to develop a valid measure of market orientation and its effect on the profitability of the firm. Narver and Slaters study is designed to test the hypothesis that there is a strong correlation between market orientation and profit levels for both commodity and non-commodity businesses. Narver and Slater  hypothesize that market orientation is a one dimensional construct consisting of three behavioral components: customer orientation, competitor orientation and inter-functional coordination. Additionally, they hypothesize that there are two decision criteria: a long term focus and a profit objective. Based on these criteria, Narver and Slater developed a questionnaire which was given to a sample group of 140 strategic business units in the same division of a major Western corporation. They then used statistical analysis to try to determine the correlation between the adoption of market orientation and the increase in profit and overall performance. In order to obtain accurate results, the researchers attempted to limit the influence of the other forces that impact a businesss profit margin; by doing this, they were able to isolate two key variables and find the relationship between them. Based on their data and analysis, Narver and Slater concluded that there is a monotonic relationship between profit and market orientation for the non-commodity business, whereas the relationship with commodity business was only apparent above the stated median in market orientation. Narver and Slater also concluded that market orientation is economical in all environments, and the question was finding the optimal level of market orientation. Critique of The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability by Narver Slater (1990). Narver and Slaters study is one of the first major empirical studies on the subject of market orientation and its impact on the firms profit. This ground-breaking study offers empirical validation to theories that were unproven prior to the study. However, based on the results of Narver and Slaters study, there are still many questions that remain unanswered. I found that the most significant problem with the study is that their sample was taken from a single corporation, meaning that the data they used was limited to only one industry and one region. As Narver and Slater noted in their conclusion, a sample this limited means that their results can be influenced and skewed by many variables, including corporate culture and regional practices. It is also possible that their findings are industry-specific and do not pertain to other companies outside of foresting. However, in the articles conclusion, Narver and Slater acknowledge these shortcomings and are eager for others in different regions to conduct further research in this field. Although the limited nature of the study makes it difficult to draw any large scale conclusions about the effectiveness of market orientation, Narver and Slater have created a useful model for an empirical study of market orientation which can now be applied to other industries and regions. The most interesting part of the study is not necessarily the results, but the fact that they were able to design the first successful empirical study. Another problem with the study is that Narver and Slater concluded that an equilibrium existed: the point at which the level of market orientation reaches a point at which its cost is equal to its benefit. At this point, any increase of market orientation would only be detrimental to the firms profit margin. Although the study states that the equilibrium is present, the authors offer no guidance on how marketing managers can identify this critical point. Further studies should be dedicated to answering this question in order to make market orientation a more effective strategy for businesses. Additionally, in the articles conclusion, Narver and Slater neglected to discuss a very key finding which surfaced in their data. Their study revealed that market orientation can have a detrimental effect on a companys overall performance when certain market forces and internal conditions apply. In my opinion, this finding was largely ignored in the conclusion in order to validate their original hypothesis: that market orientation has a positive impact on the performance of an organization. Although this finding was acknowledged in the article, I felt the conclusion was somewhat misleading with regard to the outcome of the study in this respect. Summary of Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences, by Jaworski and Kohli (1993) In Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences (1993) Jaworski and Kohli set out to empirically build upon Narver Slaters study. Jaworski and Kohli attempt to study the relationship between market orientation and its effect on numerous aspects of the firm. The authors lay out a series of 13 hypotheses which they attempt to prove within their study. The four hypotheses that dealt directly with the key questions noted in the introduction of this review are: A. The greater the market orientation of an organization, the higher its business performance. B. The greater the market orientation, the greater the (1) esprit de corps and (2) organizational commitment of employees. C. The greater the market turbulence, the stronger the relationship between market orientation and business performance. D. The greater the competitive intensity, the stronger the relationship between market orientation and business performance. The other nine hypotheses are related to the antecedents of market orientation, including managements role on market orientation and the impact the organizations structure and communication has on market orientation. Although these questions are important, I am primarily interested in Jaworski and Kohlis conclusions on whether or not market orientation affects overall performance and profit/return on equity. Jaworski and Kohli set up two samples from which they derived their data. The first sample was made up of executives from 102 companies; the second sample was made up of 230 executives taken from the membership roster of the American Marketing Association. The authors gathered data via a questionnaire that was sent to participants by mail. Based on the data reviewed, Jaworski and Kohli concluded that market orientation is an important determinant of overall performance regardless of factors such as market turbulence, competitive intensity or technological turbulence. However in both samples, the authors found little correlation between market orientation and return on equity and market share. Jaworski and Kohli also found that the commitment of top management towards implementing market orientation is an important factor on the strategys overall performance, as are the levels of interdepartmental coordination and interdepartmental conflict. Critique of Market orientation: Antecedents and consequences, by Jaworski and Kohli (1993) Jaworski and Kohlis study measures the value that market orientation creates for a business. In their introduction, the authors state their intentions quite clearly: The purpose of this research is to address the voids in knowledge [in the Narver and Slater study]. (Jaworski Kohli 1993) In this study, Jaworski and Kohli build upon and answer many of the questions left unanswered in Narver and Slater (1990). In my opinion, one of the most important aspects of Jaworski and Kohlis article is that they attempted to explain their study in an accessible manner by including a section that dealt with the implications of their findings for market managers. Unlike Narver and Slater, I felt that Jaworski and Kohli went to great lengths to try to answer the key questions that managers might have and attempted to lay down guidelines that managers could use in the implementation of market orientation. Jaworski and Kohli also realized the importance of one of the findings Narver and Slater neglected in their conclusion: that market orientation could be detrimental to a business in certain circumstances. Jaworski and Kohli explained the relationships between market orientation and certain environmental contexts including market turbulence and competitiveness. The aspect of the study that I found most interesting was Jaworski and Kohlis discovery that there is neither an association between market orientation and return on equity nor a relationship between market orientation and market share. Although the two authors still concluded that market orientation was beneficial for overall performance, the finding that it does not help return on equity is very significant. Return on equity, for many firms, is the guiding factor in the decision-making process, especially for private equity groups and investment banking firms. Having worked for a private equity firm, where return on equity is the principal goal, I can confidently say these findings are a huge blow to the advocacy of market orientation. However, I would not feel comfortable ruling out market orientation based on one study; further research must be done on this topic. Additionally, I found one aspect of Jaworski and Kohlis conclusion problematic: the authors concluded that market orientation had a direct relationship with overall performance, organizational commitment and esprit de corps, yet they stated that it did not influence return on equity and market share. This finding seems to be contradictory to common business beliefs, which would suggest that if market orientation had a positive impact on commitment, overall performance and esprit de corps, it would therefore have an impact on profit or return on equity. This finding is either misleading or it indicates that common beliefs regarding performance and employee motivation are incorrect. Summary of Market orientation and company performance: empirical evidence from UK companies by Greenley, G (1995) In the article Market orientation and company performance: empirical evidence from UK companies Greenley identifies a clear need for an  empirical study in the United Kingdom. As of 1995, no major empirical research had taken place anywhere but the United States. Greenley created his study based upon this research gap. His basic hypothesis, that market orientation is positively associated with performance, is taken from the aforementioned studies by Narver and Slater (1990) and Jaworski and Kohli (1993). Greenley also tested additional hypotheses from Narver and Slaters 1990 study. The hypotheses Greenley tested dealt with the relationship between market orientation and cost, size of the company, market entry, customer power and competitive hostility in the market. Additionally, he tested hypotheses pertaining to market growth, turbulence and technological change. To obtain his data, Greenley used a slightly altered version of Narver and Slaters 1990 questionnaire, adapted for UK business culture. The questionnaires were sent to 280 top level managers, mainly CEOs. Of those 280 questionnaires, he received 240 usable responses, which made up the data for his study. Based on the analysis he conducted, Greenley concluded that market orientation does not have a direct affect on performance. (Greenley 1995) He also concluded that with high levels of market turbulence, market orientation is negatively associated with return on equity, whereas with low levels of market turbulence, market orientation is positively associated with return on equity. Critique of Market orientation and company performance: empirical evidence from UK companies by Greenley, G (1995) Greenleys study is the first major empirical study of market orientation in the UK, and quite surprisingly, his results were very different than the previous findings of studies conducted in the United States. Any reader of Greenleys study Market orientation and company performance must immediately question whether or not business culture and practices in the UK are so different from their United States counterparts that one strategy empirically proven to work in the United States will be rendered ineffective in the UK. If Greenleys results are accurate, multinational corporations using a centralized control method would have to rethink using market orientation. This, however, does not seem to be the case. Proctor and Gamble (PG) appear to successfully implement global strategies, including market orientation, profitably. Therefore, I propose that Greenleys inability to find a positive relationship between market orientation and performance is a result of a problem in his data collection process. As Greenley stated in his conclusion, his data was gathered during a recession, and therefore a managers thoughts on a long-term profit schemes such as market orientation might have been skewed. Also, Greenley obtained nearly 60 percent of his data from top level CEOs and Chairmen, a different sampling base than previous studies in the United States. For instance, Narver and Slater used CPUs and Jaworski and Kohli primarily used market managers for their samples. The difference in sample bases significantly impacts the results of Greenleys study; typically, CEOs and top management, like those that Greenley questioned, are not as involved in the day-to-day implementation of market orientation and tend to be short-term profit oriented. Managers lower on the organizations hierarchy, such as marketing managers, might have a more direct involvement with the implementation of market orientation. For future research, I think it would be more prudent to take a broader sample of managers at all levels, thereby eliminating any bias that can occur when only sampling a certain section of the managerial hierarchy. Another problem that I found in Greenleys conclusion was the fact that he did not make the individual participants aware of the studys purpose. Although he intended for this to be a tool for gathering accurate and unbiased data from participants, I believe this strategy actually had the opposite effect, given the timing of his article. During a recession, CEOs and Chairmen are attempting to regain short term profitability and/or attempting to scale down costs in order to survive until the recession ends. At such a time, market orientation would not be a viable option and it is unlikely that the top management Greenley questioned would consider it a useful strategy. Therefore, the data collected by Greenley during this period would have little or no relevance for the measurement of the effectiveness of market orientation outside of a recession. Conclusion All three of the articles discussed deal with the task of empirically studying the relationship between market orientation and its effects on businesses. Narver and Slater produced the first major study in this field and their research became a significant starting point for future studies. Narver and Slaters article stated that they found a direct relationship between marketing orientation and performance; however, the study also brought to light many holes in their research and aspects of this relationship which needed further study. Jaworski and Kohlis 1993 study attempted to answer some of the key questions that arose from Narver and Slaters article. The questions Jaworski and Kohli addressed included why some organizations are more market oriented then others and whether or not the linkage between market orientation and business performance depend on the environmental context. The Greenley study in 1995 was the first major study done outside the United States. Greenley followed Narver and Slaters model in his attempt to empirically study market orientation in the United Kingdom. While his methods were the same, Greenleys research produced very different results than that of Narver and Slater, and only agreed with some of Jaworski and Kohlis conclusions. In my opinion, Greenleys research only added to the confusion that surrounds the study of market orientation; the differences in his results can be attributed to many factors, including gaps in previous research, differences between the United States and the UK, or differences in the economy at the time of the studies. The ambiguous results of this study confirm the need for more research in order to answer the key question of market orientations relationship with performance and profit. Therefore, after reading and critically reviewing the above articles, my conclusion is that further empirical research must be done in order for there to be any confidence in the use of market orientation as a performance-enhancing strategy. A multi-national study or the study of multiple multinational companies would provide valuable insight into whether market orientation is exclusively suited to companies operating in the United States or if its implementation in different countries can also be profitable. Further research must also be done in order to affirm or refute Jaworski and Kohlis claim that market orientation has no positive relationship with market share and return on equity. I believe that if Jaworski and Kohlis claim is true, managers, especially those operating publically traded companies, will inevitably need to rethink the use of market orientation within their corporations. List of References Greenley, G. (1995). Market orientation and company performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. British Journal of Management, 6:1-13. Jaworski, B. and Kohli, A. (1993). Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing, 57(July): 53-70. Narver, J. and Slater, S. (1990). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing 54(October): 20-35.

Following In The Footsteps :: Personal Narrative Teaching Education Essays

Following In The Footsteps When I was growing up, I was always around the teaching profession. My mother is an educator and I had always been told that I would make a great educator too because my mother was a teacher. They said it was in my blood. I was never too sure about that. I never really knew what I wanted to be when I grew up. I did not know if teaching would be right for me. I did not know until the summer after graduating from high school; the summer I found my calling in life. At the time I did not know it, but the summer after graduating from high school would be one of the greatest summers of my life. During this summer, I became involved in a program called Energy Express. In this program, I had my own classroom of approximately ten students. I instructed these students in improving their reading and writing skills. I became more deeply involved with the program as the summer progressed and I fell in love with the art of teaching. Until this time, I did not know of anything that gave me the type of joy that teaching gives me. I had not known what a thrill that it would be for me to watch a child that could not read at all in June, read very well by the time August came around. I knew for sure after my summer was over with Energy Express that I wanted to be an educator, but not just any educator. I want to be the teacher that has a lasting impact on the lives of every single student that comes into my classroom. During my tenure with Energy Express and in my Education classes at Concord College, I have developed my teaching philosophy. I believe very strongly in cooperative learning, meaning that students should be heavily involved in the classroom by participating in group activities and discussions. By participating in a discussion and/or hands-on lesson, the student is more likely to retain what he or she has been taught. I also believe that teachers should do their absolute best to inspire the children to learn by making the classroom a fun place to learn, but at the same time having structure and discipline.

Behavior Change Project

The goal of this course is to allow students to realize the value of leadership as it applies in the relevance of group interplay, community service, and styles available in literature. This then encourages the formulation of responsiveness in the ability to become effective in planning, setting goals, and promoting application in each setting accordingly. Such capacity can then build the necessary skills and expertise in handling specific tasks and address problematic situations in a given scenario. Action PlanTo achieve this process, specific activities and programs are to be implemented within the span of 16 weeks. Under each period, specific objectives and goals is highlighted according to the principle discussed. Here, it may entail the following activities (1) formalized instruction, (2) group activities, (3) immersion, (4) reaction papers, (5) reporting, (6) responding to specific scenarios, and (7) responses to threads. These different activities in turn shall be delegated ea ch week to determine the ability to relate corresponding principles involved in leadership towards real life applications.Alongside these, specific rubrics for grading and measurement of competency shall be elaborated to determine how students utilize the information gathered in their personal lives. Weekly Assessment: Part One – what is leadership? To determine how students grasp the concept of leadership, they are expected to provide their individual responses towards how they see it being applied in different realms. By allowing them to point out its relevance within their family, community, and school, it can help show their understanding of the term and relate it in their current environment.Weekly Assessment: Part Two – leadership styles Under this specific objective, students then need to answer the specific thread wherein they show their two most apparent leadership style and what they feel can best supplement their interests as a future professional in the wor kplace. Allowing this to occur can then give better means of responding to their capabilities and look forward on how they can achieve the necessary skills and principles for growth and development. Weekly Assessment: Part Three – leadership and planningHere, specific collaboration with the members of the class are necessary wherein they are required to submit their proposal for their immersion to a specific group/organization during weeks 9-12. These can then outline what each member plans to do and conduct preliminary research on how this endeavor can supplement their leadership capabilities individually. At the same time, they can be involved in seeking strategies that can reinforce their decision making skills accordingly. Weekly Assessment: Part Four – Setting Goals and ObjectivesAssessing individual competency in this approach requires both the submission of the group project related to immersion to a specific group/organization and that of a response paper that highlights the value of the readings. This can then justify important precepts related to identifying goals (group immersion). At the same time, it can also infuse better means of looking into the perspectives of students in their capacity to differentiate long term and short term goals. Weekly Assessment: Part Five – leadership and implementationIn measuring student capabilities and responsiveness to these issues, they are expected to submit their group proposals for approval and comments in what they plan to do give their goals and objectives in immersion. Here, they are also expected to partake in group activities wherein they are expected to contribute towards addressing specific scenarios and promote better means of applying and implementing leadership in each category. Likewise, students are also expected to point out new means of how implementation is necessary in a response paper over a specific reading.Weekly Assessment: Part Six – leadership and the school co mmunity The application of this principle corresponds to the identifying common trends and problems within the educational community and how leadership can help. To measure students’ comprehension over this topic, they are asked to engage in the threads and point out what measures can leadership provide over given issues. Similarly, they are also asked to take part in the instruction wherein recitation points are given towards identifying specific issues related to educational problems and then identifying what leadership strategy/style best fits into the category.Weekly Assessment: Part Seven– leadership and ethical issues To determine the ability of students to utilize information according to these dynamics, they are asked to provide specific information concerning ethics. Here, they will act as both raters and reporters to determine how much they understood specific ethical issues in different environments and how it relates to the process of leadership. After this , students are also expected to submit a reaction paper over what they had learned this week and how it applies to their perspective both as a leader and follower.Weekly Assessment: Part Eight – leadership and group dynamics Under this specific topic, students are then expected to submit specific responses in the group activity established and the constraints that hinder their ability to function effectively. At the same time, students also need to answer the thread wherein they shall be given specific scenarios and argue concerning the role and value of group dynamics in furthering leadership capabilities. Weekly Assessment: Part Nine – Immersion 1 This week, students are required to submit their responses in their different associations with a specific organization or group.Here, they first highlight the successes and challenges they had faced in the process. At the same time, they are also expected to point out what goals were they able to accomplish and what needs to be furthered accordingly. Weekly Assessment: Part Ten – Immersion 2 Another response paper shall be submitted this week alongside a proposal of an alternative plan based on the scenario and environment they are in. Here, they are expected to formulate what necessary means are essential to promote better means of handling specific issues.Similarly, their views concerning its relevance may also be asked for participants to consider in writing these plan and report. Weekly Assessment: Part Eleven – Immersion 3 The third week shall comprise of submitting a reflection paper whether or not specific changes have been made and if they were successful in addressing the problems and hurdles of the organization. At the same time, students are also expected to respond to the threads and share their experiences and how leadership was able to further their means to apply their specific objectives and goals.This can then help provide the final portfolio project due in part twelve of the course. Weekly Assessment: Part Twelve – Immersion 4 and Analysis This section deals with the creation of a portfolio to be submitted to the instructor wherein thoughts and inputs concerning their participation in the organization. Here, they are expected to provide feedbacks in their own leadership plan and how it complemented their specific goals and objectives. Moreover, there is also a need for students to reflect on the overall immersion and justify whether or not they had changed considerably during this process.Weekly Assessment: Part Thirteen – Leadership and Globalization This specific tenet requires student to address specific responses in the online thread to promote address ideas taught in class. Here, it tries to provide better means for incorporating principles of leadership as it relates to globalization and interdependence. Likewise, it also gives students the means to expand their understanding of leadership in both the individual and global per spective. Weekly Assessment: Part Fourteen – Leadership and My Chosen CareerGiven the different perspectives concerning leadership, students are now expected to utilize their understanding by submitting a research paper of what leadership can provide in their chosen career. Here, they need to point out specific responsibilities and roles in their profession. At the same time, they also need to explore areas on how it can be developed with their specific skill sets and experiences related to their field. Weekly Assessment: Part Fifteen – Overall Inputs in the CourseThe last part before the examinations would be for students to submit a paper reflecting their positive and negative experiences in the course. Here, they are expected to be truthful about their inputs and how it presents itself in particular activities and programs. Likewise, it also tries to address new means of identifying common goals related to their development and growth. By doing this, it can help edu cators realize if their short and long term goals are facilitated by these activities accordingly and whether or not they suffice in building appreciation among students.Conclusion The overall facilitation of this course corresponds to the ability of infusing leadership skills to students and allows each one to associate it with today’s current trends. By tackling different principles that addresses the personal, community, and professional leadership scenarios, students are given the opportunity to become responsive to these changes and promote means to address issues, hurdles, and challenges in each one.One success of this program is the ability to utilize leadership both in its relationship with associated disciplines and via specific environments. By allowing students to respond to each one using different activities and coursework, they are able to maintain a firm grasp and appreciation of the concepts related. This can then help utilize means to incorporate and maintain effectiveness in their ability to become responsive to these changes accordingly. At the same time, it also helps students bring about appropriate behavior and handling specific issues.By highlighting specific challenges related to practice, they are able to correlate theories and principles to that of actual scenarios that are happening. Such dynamics then infuses better means for collaborating and handling issues effectively and with ease. In addition, the process of undertaking programs via planning, goal-setting and application also remains crucial in determining leadership objectives as it relates to one’s personal objectives and goals in life.

The United States Became an Industrial Power

The United States became an industrial power by tapping North America’s vast natural resources, including minerals, lumber and coal, particularly in the newly developed west. Industries that had once depended on waterpower began to use prodigious amounts of coal. Steam engines replaced human and animal labor, and kerosene replaced whale oil and wood. By 1900, America’s factories and urban homes were converting to electric power. Dependence on fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas), which powered machines of unprecedented speed and strength, transformed both the economy and the country’s natural and built environments.What is vertical integration? Vertical integration is a business model in which one company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods. Once his engineers designed a cooling system, swift invested in a fleet of refrigerator cars and constructed a packing plant near Chicago’s stockyards. What is horizontal integrat ion? Horizontal integration is a strategy pioneered by Rockefeller. Like swift he pressured competitors through predatory pricing, but when he had driven them to failure, he invited rivals to merge their companies into his conglomerate.The roles the government played in this story were in an effort to attract corporate headquarters to its state, New Jersey broke ranks in 1889, by passing a law that permitted the creation of holding companies and other corporate combinations. Despite reformers’ efforts, a huge wave of mergers in the 1890s further concentrated corporate power. By 1900, America’s largest one hundred companies controlled a third of the nation’s productive capacity.Such familiar firms as DuPont, Eastman Kodak, and singer had assumed dominant places in their respective industries. The immense power of these corporations would henceforth be a recurring political concern. Roles that the government could have played but didn’t was that distressed by the development of near monopolies, reformers began to denounce â€Å"the trusts† and that some states outlawed trusts as a legal form. The nineteenth century's industrial philosophy dates, actually, from Adam Smith's â€Å"The Wealth of Nations†, published in 1776.This is really the â€Å"capitalist bible† in which the notion that greed has a socially useful role is first popularly put forward. It also puts forward the notion of the â€Å"invisible hand† that guides the market to improve the standard of living of everyone, without regard to the actual intentions of its participants. This is the â€Å"magic of the marketplace† many capitalists are so fond of referring to. But, by the late nineteenth century, these concepts of Adam Smith had been distorted and fused, to some extent, with the ideas of Charles Darwin about evolution.This led to the extremely pernicious and largely discredited concept of â€Å"Social Darwinism†, related to Na zism, in the twentieth century. Social Darwinists believe that only those who are socially successful and powerful should have the right to survive, and that providing assistance and support to the â€Å"weak† is, actually, antisocial. According to this view, society can only progress if the â€Å"strong† exploit, suppress and, eventually, destroy the â€Å"weak†. The factors that I don’t really agree with are the Ideas of social Darwinism.I don’t think that the strong should not help the weak because what if were the strongest person in the world with the most money and were at the top and we refuse to help someone who is at the bottom like the very bottom were in there’s no more down only way is up at that point say we become the weak party and them the strong party what if we need the help they need and the refuse us that help because we believe in social Darwinism as an whole and we didn’t help them reach the top when we were up t here so why should they help us.Industrialism changed the nature of work and in many respects caused an uneven distribution of power Among interest groups in American society. Industrial workers were employees rather than producers, And repeating specialized tasks made them feel like appendages to machines. The emphasis on quantity Rather than quality further dehumanized the workplace. These factors, in addition to the increased Power of the employer, reduced the independence and self-respect of workers, but worker resistance only led employers to tighten restrictions. Industrialism also brought more women and children into the labor force.Although job opportunities Opened for women, most women went into low-paying clerical jobs, and sex discrimination continued in the workplace. Employers also attempted to cut wage costs by hiring more children. Although a few States passed child-labor laws, such laws were difficult to enforce and employers generally opposed State interference in t heir hiring practices. Effective child-labor legislation would not come until the Twentieth century. As the nature of work changed, workers began to protest low wages, the attitude of employers, the hazards of the workplace, and the absence of disability insurance and pensions.The effectiveness of Legislation designed to redress these grievances was usually limited by conservative Supreme Court Rulings Out of frustration, some workers began to participate in unions and in organized resistance. Unionization efforts took various directions. The Knights of Labor tried to ally all workers by creating Producer and consumer cooperatives; the American Federation of Labor strove to organize skilled Workers to achieve pragmatic objectives; and the Industrial Workers of the World attempted to Overthrow capitalist society.The railroad strikes of 1877, the Haymarket riot, and the Homestead and Pullman strikes were all marked by violence, and they exemplified labor’s frustration as well a s its active and organized resistance. Government intervention against the strikers convinced many workers Of the imbalance of interest groups in American society, whereas the middle class began to connect organized working-class resistance with radicalism. Although this perception was by and large Mistaken, middle-class fear of social upheaval became an additional force against organized labor.Not only did industrialization affect the nature of work, it also produced a myriad of products that affected the everyday lives of Americans. As America became a consumer-oriented society, most of its Citizens faced living costs that rose faster than wages. Consequently, many people could not take advantage of the new goods and services being offered. But, as noted above, more women and children Became part of the paid labor force. Although many did so out of necessity, others hoped that the Additional income would allow the family to participate in the consumer society.The Nativists didnâ⠂¬â„¢t take too kind to the wave of new immigrants. The reason most industrial workers put up with the difficult conditions of their work because factory owners, especially those involved in the steel industry and in the coal mine industry, often would build company towns. Workers were given cheap rent in these towns to go along with their low wages. In essence the worker was trapped. The company town afforded him a place to live and without the job he couldn't live there.

Unitarian and Universalist Women

Unitarian and Universalist Women Many Unitarian and Universalist women were among the activists who worked for womens rights; others were leaders in the arts, humanities, politics and other fields. Â  The list below is fairly extensive and includes women from before the Unitarian and Universalist movements merged as well as afterwards, and also includes some women from neighboring movements including Ethical Culture. Listed in order of their birth years. American unless otherwise indicated. Anne Bradstreet 1612-1672 Nonconformist poet, writer; descendents include Unitarians William Ellery Channing, Wendell Phillips, Oliver Wendell Holmes Anna Laetitia Aiken Barbauld 1743-1825 Unitarian (British) activist, poet Judith Sargent Murray 1751-1820 Universalist poet and author; wrote essay on feminism: On the Equality of the Sexes in 1790 (Rossi, 1973) Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 Unitarian; married Unitarian minister author, wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792) and Maria or the Wrongs of Woman; mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, author. Mary Moody Emerson 1774-1863 Unitarian writer; many of her unpublished writings foreshadow the ideas of her nephew, Ralph Waldo Emerson Maria Cook 1779-1835 Universalist jailed after preaching Universalism Lucy Barnes 1780-1809 Universalist Universalist writer, poet Eliza Lee Cabot Follen 1787-1860 Unitarian childrens author, abolitionist; she, with husband Charles Follen, Harvard German instructor, introduced the Christmas tree custom to America Eliza Farrar 1791-1870 Quaker, Unitarian childrens author, abolitionist Lucretia Mott 1793-1880 Quaker, Free Religious Association reformer: abolition, feminism, peace, temperance, liberal religion; cousin of Phebe Hanaford (also on this list) Frederika Bremer 1801-1865 Unitarian (Swedish) novelist, feminist, pacifist Harriet Martineau 1802-1876 British Unitarian writer, social critic, journalist, feminist Lydia Maria Child 1802-1880 Unitarian author, abolitionist, reformer; wrote An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans and Over the River and Through the Woods Dorothea Dix 1802-1887 Unitarian mental health reformer, prison reformer, poet Elizabeth Palmer Peabody 1804-1894 Unitarian, Transcendentalist (teacher, author, reformer; sister to Mary Peabody Mann and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (both also on this list); close associate of William Ellery Channing Sarah Flower Adams 1805-1848 Unitarian (British) hymn writer: Nearer My God to Thee Mary Tyler Peabody Mann 1806-1887 Unitarian educator; sister to Elizabeth Palmer Peabody and Sophia Peabody Hawthorne (both on this list), married to Horace Mann Maria Weston Chapman 1806-1885 Unitarian abolitionist Mary Carpenter 1807-1877 Unitarian (British) abolitionist, teacher, juvenile justice reformer Sophia Peabody Hawthorne 1809-1871 Unitarian author and writer; sister to Elizabeth Parker Peabody and Mary Peabody Mann (both also on this list), married to Nathaniel Hawthorne Fanny Kemble 1809-1893 Unitarian (British) poet, Shakespearean actress; author of Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838-39 Margaret Fuller 1810-1850 Unitarian, Transcendentalist American writer, journalist, and philosopher; friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson Elizabeth Gaskell 1810-1865 Unitarian writer, reformer, wife of Unitarian minister William Gaskell Ellen Sturgis Hooper 1812-1848 Transcendentalist Unitarian poet, sister of Caroline Sturgis Tappan (also on this list) Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815-1902 Unitarian suffragist, organizer, writer, co-author of The Womans Bible, mother of Harriot Stanton Blatch (also on this list) Lydia Moss Bradley 1816-1908 Unitarian and Universalist educator, philanthropist, founded Bradley University Charlotte Saunders Cushman 1816-1876 Unitarian actor Lucy N. Colman 1817-1906 Universalist abolitionist, feminist, freethinker Lucy Stone 1818-1893 Unitarian feminist, suffragist, abolitionist; married Henry Brown Blackwell whose sisters were Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily Blackwell (both on this list) and whose brother Samuel Blackwell married Antoinette Brown Blackwell (also on this list); mother of Alice Stone Blackwell (also on this list) Sallie Holley 1818-1893 Unitarian abolitionist, educator Maria Mitchell 1818-1889 Unitarian astronomer Caroline Sturgis Tappan 1819-1868 Transcendentalist Unitarian poet, childrens author, sister of Ellen Sturgis Hooper (also on this list) Julia Ward Howe 1819-1910 Unitarian, Free Religious Association writer, poet, abolitionist, social reformer; author of Battle Hymn of the Republic; promoter of Mothers Day for Peace; mother of Laura E. Richards and married to Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of the Perkins School for the Blind, researcher Lydia Pinkham 1819-1883 Universalist (eclectic) patent medicine inventor, businesswoman, advertising writer, advice columnist Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 British Unitarian nurse; founded nursing as a modern profession; mathematician: invented the pie chart Mary Ashton Rice Livermore 1820-1905 lecturer,suffragist, temperance advocate, helped organize Civil War Sanitary Commission Susan Brownell Anthony 1820-1906 Unitarian and Quaker reformer, suffragist) Alice Cary1820-1871 Universalist author, poet, abolitionist, suffragist; sister of Phoebe Cary (also on this list) Clara Barton 1821-1912 Universalist American Red Cross founder Elizabeth Blackwell 1821-1910 Unitarian and Episcopalian physician, sister of Emily Blackwell, sister of Samuel Blackwell who was married to Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and of Henry Blackwell, married to Lucy Stone (Emily Blackwell, Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and Lucy Stone are on this list) Caroline Wells Healey Dall 1822-1912 Unitarian reformer, author Frances Power Cobbe 1822-1904 Unitarian (British) feminist, anti-vivisectionist Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz 1822-1907 Unitarian scientist, author, educator, first president of Radcliffe College; married to Louis Agassiz Sarah Hammond Palfrey 1823-1914 writer; daughter of John Gorham Palfrey Phoebe Cary 1824-1871 Universalist poet, abolitionist, suffragist; sister of Alice Cary (also on this list) Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney 1824-1904 Universalist, Unitarian, Free Religious Association civil rights activist, suffragist, editor, speaker Antoinette Brown Blackwell 1825-1921 Congregational and Unitarian minister minister, author, lecturer: possibly the first woman ordained as a Protestant minister in the US by a recognized denomination; later married Samuel Blackwell, brother of Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell and of Henry Blackwell who was married to Lucy Stone (Elizabeth and Emily Blackwell and Lucy Stone are on this list) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 1825-1911 Unitarian writer, poet, abolitionist, feminist, temperance advocate Emily Blackwell 1826-1910 Unitarian physician, sister of Elizabeth Blackwell, of Samuel Blackwell who was married to Antoinette Brown Blackwell, and of Henry Blackwell who was married to Lucy Stone (Lucy Stone, Elizabeth Blackwell, and Antoinette brown Blackwell are on this list) Matilda Joslyn Gage 1826-1898 Unitarian suffragist, reformer; her daughter Maud married L. Frank Baum, author of The Wizard of Oz. Gage retained her membership in the Baptist church; later became a Theosophist. [picture] Maria Cummins 1827-1866 Unitarian author Barbara Bodichon 1827-1891 Unitarian (British) artist, landscape watercolorist; writer, cofounder of Griton college; feminist activist Phebe Ann Coffin Hanaford 1829-1921 Universalist minister, author, poet, suffragist; cousin of Lucretia Mott (also on this list) Abigail May Williams 1829-1888 Emily Dickinson 1830-1886 Transcendentalist poet; Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Unitarian minister, was an important figure in her career Helen Hunt Jackson 1830-1885 Transcendentalist author; proponent of Indian rights; no church connection as an adult Louisa May Alcott 1832-1888 Transcendentalist author, poet; best known for Little Women Jane Andrews 1833-1887 Unitarian educator, childrens author Rebecca Sophia Clarke 1833 -1906 Unitarian childrens author Annie Adams Field 1834-1915 Unitarian author, literary hostess, charity worker; married to James Fields, editor of the Atlantic; after his death lived with Sarah Orne Jewitt, author Olympia Brown 1835-1926 Universalist minister, suffragist Augusta Jane Chapin 1836-1905 Universalist minister, activist; one of the chief organizers of the Parliament of the Worlds Religions, 1893, especially of participation of many women of a variety of faiths in this event Ada C. Bowles 1836-1928 Universalist suffragist, abolitionist, temperance supporter, home economist Fanny Baker Ames 1840-1931 Unitarian charity organizer; suffragist, teacher; leader of the Unitarian Womens Auxiliary Conference Charlotte Champe Stearns Eliot 1843-1929 Unitarian author, reformer; father-in-law was William Greenleaf Eliot, Unitarian minister and founder of Washington University, St. Louis; son was T.S. Eliot, poet Eliza Tupper Wilkes 1844-1917 Universalist and Unitarian minister Emma Eliza Bailey 1844-1920 Universalist Universalist minister) Celia Parker Woolley 1848-1919 Unitarian, Free Religious Association minister,social reformer Ida Husted Harper 1851-1931 Unitarian journalist, historian and biographer and press expert for the woman suffrage movement Anna Garlin Spencer 1851-1931 Free Religious Association minister, writer, educator, NAACP founder, social reformer; also wife of Unitarian minister William B. Spencer; though Spencer was associated with Unitarian, Universalist, and Ethical Culture congregations, she identified with the broader free religion Mary Augusta Safford 1851-1927 Unitarian minister Eleanor Elizabeth Gordon 1852-1942 Unitarian minister Maud Howe Elliott 1854-1948 Unitarian author, social reformer; daughter of Julia Ward Howe (also on this list) Maria Baldwin 1856-1922 Unitarian educator, reformer, first African American woman principal Harriot Stanton Blatch 1856-1940 Unitarian suffragist; daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (also on this list) Alice Stone Blackwell 1857-1950 Unitarian suffragist, reformer; daughter of Lucy Stone (also on this list) and Henry Brown Blackwell Fannie Farmer 1857-1915 Unitarian (and Universalist?) cookbook author, teacher of cooking and dietetics; first to write recipes wit exact measurements Ida C. Hultin 1858-1938 Unitarian and Universalist minister; spoke at 1893 Parliament of the Worlds Religions Caroline Julia Bartlett Crane 1858-1935 Unitarian minister, social reformer, sanitation reformer Carrie Clinton Chapman Catt 1859-1947 Unitarian connections suffragist, pacifist, founder of League of Women Voters Ellen Gates Starr 1859-1940 Unitarian roots, converted to Roman Catholicism co-founder of Hull House, labor activist, Socialist Charlotte Perkins Stetson Gilman 1860-1935 Unitarian (feminist, speaker, author of Herland, The Yellow Wallpaper) Jane Addams 1860-1935 Presbyterian social reformer, settlement house founder; author of Twenty Years at Hull House; attended All Souls Unitarian Church in Chicago and the Ethical Culture Society in Chicago for many years; was briefly an Interim Lecturer at the Ethical Society; retained her membership in a Presbyterian congregation Florence Buck 1860-1925 Unitarian minister, religious educator, writer Kate Cooper Austin1864-1902 Universalist, freethinker feminist, anarchist, writer Alice Ames Winter 1865-1944 Unitarian Womans Club leader, author; daugher of Fanny Baker Ames (also on this list) Beatrix Potter 1866-1943 Unitarian (British) artist, author; wrote Peter Rabbit series Emily Greene Balch 1867-1961 Unitarian, Quaker 1946 Nobel Prize for Peace; economist, pacifist, a founder of the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Katherine Philips Edson 1870-1933 Unitarian suffragist, reformer, labor arbitrator (Sara) Josephine Baker 1873-1945 Unitarian health reformer, physician, public health administrator Amy Lowell 1874-1925 Unitarian poet Edna Madison McDonald Bonser 1875-1949 Universalist minister, religious educator; first woman minister in Illinois Clara Cook Helvie 1876-1969 minister Sophia Lyon Fahs 1876-1978 Unitarian Universalist religious educator, minister Ida Maud Cannon 1877-1960 Unitarian social worker; known as founder of medical social work Margaret Sanger 1883-1966 birth control advocate, social reformer Marjorie M. Brown 1884-1987 Unitarian (uthor, Lady in Boomtown Maja V. Capek 1888-1966 Unitarian (Czechoslovakian) Unitarian minister; helped create the Flower Communion and introduce it to Unitarians in America and Europe Margaret Barr 1897? - 1973 Unitarian (British) educator, administrator, helped create Unitarian church movement in Khasi Hills, India; friend of Gandhi May Sarton 1912-1995 Unitarian Universalist poet, author Sylvia Plath poet Malvina Reynolds songwriter, folksinger Frances Moore Lappe author, nutritionist, activist: wrote Diet for a Small Planet Jewel Graham Unitarian Universalist social welfare educator; President, World YWCA

Race Stage Play by David Mamet

Race Stage Play by David Mamet David Mamet is an expert perturber. Within ninety minutes he unnerves his audience, giving couples something to argue about on the way home. Ive listened to supposed soul mates debate to the verge of relationship meltdown, all because of the sexual harassment issues presented in Mamets play, Oleanna. Likewise, in other plays such as Speed the Plow, the audience is never quite sure which character is right and which character is wrong. Or perhaps we are meant to be perturbed by all of the characters, as we are with the unethical batch of salesmen in Glengarry Glen Ross. By the end of David Mamets 2009 drama Race, we meet several caustic characters, all of whom will leave the audience with something to think about as well as something to argue about. The Basic Plot Jack Lawson (white, mid 40s) and Henry Brown (black, mid 40s) are attorneys at a burgeoning law firm. Charles Strickland (white, mid 40s) a prominent business man, has been charged with rape. The woman accusing him is black; the lawyers realize that the case will be all the more difficult because race will be the dominant factor throughout the trial. The men expect Susan, a new attorney with the firm (black, early 20s) to help determine whether or not they should accept Strickland as their client, but Susan has other plans in mind. Charles Strickland He was born into wealth and, according to the other characters, never had to listen to the word No. Now, he has been accused of rape. The victim is a young, African American woman. According to Strickland at the beginning of the play, they were in a consensual relationship. However, as the drama continues, Strickland begins to unravel as shameful moments from his past come to light. For example, a college roommate (a black male) drudges up an old postcard written by Strickland, in which he uses racial slurs and profanity to describe the weather in Bermuda. Strickland is stunned when the lawyers explain that the humorous message is racist. Throughout the play, Strickland wants to make a public apology to the press, not to confess to a rape, but to admit that there may have been a misunderstanding. Henry Brown One of this characters most fascinating monologues is delivered at the top of the show. Here, the African American attorney suggests that most white people maintain the following views about black people: HENRY: You want to tell me about black folks? Ill help you: O.J. Was guilty. Rodney King was in the wrong place, but the police have the right to use force. Malcolm X. Was noble when he renounced violence. Prior to that he was misguided. Dr. King was, of course, a saint. He was killed by a jealous husband, and you had a maid when you were young who was better to you than your own mother. Brown is an insightful, no-nonsense lawyer who is the first to detect just how toxic the Charles Strickland case will be to their law firm. He thoroughly understands the justice system and human nature, so he foresees how both white and black jurors will react to Stricklands case. He is a good match for his law partner, Jack Lawson, because Brown, despite Lawsons keen understanding of prejudice, is not so easily fooled by the crafty young attorney, Susan. Like other wake up call characters featured in Mamet plays, Browns role is to shed light on his partners poor judgment of character. Jack Lawson Lawson has been working with Henry Brown for twenty years, during which time he has embraced Browns wisdom regarding race relations. When Susan confronts Lawson, correctly believing that he ordered an extensive background check on her (due to her skin color), he explains: Jack: I. Know. There is nothing. A white person. Can say to a black person. About Race. Which is not both incorrect and offensive. Yet, as Brown points out, Lawson might believe he is above the social pitfalls of race issues simply because he understands the problem. In reality, Lawson says and does several offensive things, each of which can be interpreted as racist and/or sexist. As mentioned above, he decides that it would be a wise business decision to conduct a thorough investigation of black applicants at the law firm, explaining that the extra-level of precaution is because African Americans have certain advantages when it comes to law suits. Also, one of his strategies to save his client involves re-wording Stricklands racial hate speech into racially charged erotic banter. Finally, Lawson crosses the line when he provocatively suggests that Susan wear a sequined dress (the same style worn by the alleged victim) in court so they can demonstrate that the sequins would have fallen off if a rape actually took place. By suggesting that she wear the dress (and be thrown onto a mattress in the middle of the co urtroom) Lawson reveals his desire for her, though he masks it with a detached attitude of professionalism. Susan For the sake of not giving away any more spoilers than I already have, I will not divulge much about Susans character. However, it is worth noting that Susan is the only person in the play whose last name is never revealed. Also, though this play is titled Race, David Mamets drama is very much about sexual politics. This truth becomes perfectly clear as the audience learns the true intentions behind Susans character.

The Geology of Bricks

The Geology of Bricks The common brick is one of our greatest inventions, an artificial stone. Brickmaking transforms low-strength mud into strong materials that can endure for centuries when properly cared for. Clay Bricks The main ingredient of bricks is clay, a group of surface minerals that arise from the weathering of igneous rocks. By itself, clay is not useless- making bricks of plain clay and drying them in the sun makes a sturdy building stone. Having some sand in the mix helps keep these bricks from cracking. Sundried clay is little different from soft shale. Many of the most ancient buildings in the early Middle East were made of sun-dried bricks. These generally lasted about a generation before the bricks deteriorated from neglect, earthquakes or the weather. With old buildings melted into piles of clay, the ancient cities were periodically levelled and new cities built on top. Over the centuries these city mounds, called tells, grew to considerable size. Making sun-dried bricks with a little straw or dung helps bind the clay and yields the equally ancient product called adobe. Fired Bricks The ancient Persians and Assyrians made stronger bricks by roasting them in kilns. The process takes several days, raising the temperature above 1000 Â °C for a day or so, then cooling gradually. (This is much hotter than the mild roasting or calcination used to make top dressing for baseball fields.) The Romans advanced the technology, as they did with concrete and metallurgy, and spread fired brick to every part of their empire. Brickmaking has been basically the same ever since. Until the 19th century, every locality with a clay deposit built its own brickworks because transport was so expensive. With the rise of chemistry and the Industrial Revolution, bricks joined steel, glass and concrete as sophisticated building materials. Today brick is made in many formulations and colors for a variety of demanding structural and cosmetic applications. Chemistry of Brick Firing Over the period of firing, brick clay becomes a metamorphic rock. Clay minerals break down, release chemically bound water, and change into a mixture of two minerals, quartz and mullite. The quartz crystallizes very little in that time, remaining in a glassy state. The key mineral is mullite (3AlO3 Â · 2SiO2), a blended compound of silica and alumina that is quite rare in nature. It is named for its occurrence on the Isle of Mull in Scotland. Not only is mullite hard and tough, but it also grows in long, thin crystals that function like the straw in adobe, binding the mix in an interlocking grip. Iron is a lesser ingredient that oxidizes into hematite, accounting for the red color of most bricks. Other elements including sodium, calcium and potassium help the silica melt more easily- that is, they act as a flux. All of these are natural parts of many clay deposits. Is There Natural Brick? Earth is full of surprises- consider the natural nuclear reactors that once existed in Africa- but could it naturally produce true brick? There are two kinds of contact metamorphism to consider. First, what if very hot magma or erupted lava engulfed a body of dried clay in a way that allows the moisture to escape? I would give three reasons that rule this out: 1. Lavas are rarely as hot as 1100 Â °C.2. Lavas would cool quickly once they engulf surface rocks.3. Natural clays and buried shales are wet, which would draw even more heat from lava. The only igneous rock with enough energy to even have a chance to fire proper brick would be the superhot lava known as komatiite, thought to have reached 1600 Â °C. But the Earths interior has not reached that temperature since the Early Proterozoic Era more than 2 billion years ago. And at that time there was no oxygen in the air, making the chemistry even more unlikely. On the Isle of Mull, mullite appears in mudstones that have been baked in lava flows. (It also has been found in pseudotachylites, where friction on faults heats dry rock to melting.) These are probably a far cry from real brick, but you should go there yourself to make sure. Second, what if an actual fire could bake the right kind of sandy shale? In fact, that does happen in coal country. Forest fires can start coal beds burning, and once started these coal-seam fires may go on for centuries. Sure enough, shale overlying coal fires can turn into a red clinkery rock thats close enough to true brick. Unfortunately, this occurrence has become common as human-caused fires start in coal mines and culm piles. A significant fraction of global greenhouse-gas emissions arises from coal fires. Today we outdo nature in this obscure geochemical stunt.

General George Marshall's Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

General George Marshall's Leadership - Essay Example U.S Presidents and Congressional members as well as world leaders admired Marshall because of his abiding sense of fair play, integrity and trustworthiness. General Marshall was the backbone of the ground and air forces, which helped the Allies fight the Axis powers in the most devastating war the world, had witnessed till then. But, surprisingly, Marshall was a man of peace and detested war. Post war when he was the Secretary of State, he forwarded the proposal of rebuilding the economy of Europe and pushed for peace. He is remembered more for the Marshall Plan, which saved Europe and other countries after the war. His character and accomplishments were so continuously extraordinary that he is regularly bracketed in the same category as George Washington. His statesmanship, leadership, selflessness, sense of duty and honor were so exceptional that he continues to be a role model for soldiers as well as civilians even today. Right from the humble soldier to the powerful president, everyone venerates him and his career and life is exemplary. President Harry S. Truman thought of George Marshall as ‘the greatest man he knew’. According to Winston Churchill, "There are few men whose qualities of mind and character have impressed me so deeply as those of General Marshall ... He is a great American, but he is far more than that ... He has always fought victoriously against defeatism, discouragement and disillusion. Succeeding generations must not be allowed to forget his achievements and his example." (Soldier-Statesman)-high praise indeed from a man considered being one of the greatest leaders of the world himself. George Catlett Marshall was born in Uniontown, Pennsylvania on the 31st of December, 1880. He lived with his parents till 1901. He was the youngest of the four children and was a shy and reserved youth. He went to the Virginia Military institute in Lexington, Virginia from September 1897-June 1901 and majored in civil

Work Placement Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Work Placement Journal - Essay Example It involved a test of character, commitment and the ability to listen to the instructions set by the Director. Some skills are not acquired at school, they boil down to morals and etiquette. In my new job, some responsibilities were delegated to me, and without certain skills I would not be able to deliver as expected. Communication skills were some of the vital skill I was expected to have. According to the University Of Kent (2013) effective communication involves the ability of expressing views and ideas confidently. As exhibited for the first practice, I had to approach the staff and ask for help with some tasks. Charlotte. L and Kidd. J (2000) and communication skills must persuading and this went a long in convincing the residents to take the alcohawk. It is expressed that for communication to be effective, one must be able to communicate as a team which was sometimes put into test when I was required to interview a new resident with a member of staff. Within a number of days my communication skills had improved, which considerably improved my telephone communication skills. Treuer. P (2011) explains that effective communication without the ability to listen leads to instructions being misunderstood. Effective listening skills involve avoiding distractions when being spoken to. Mark Twain (1898) quoted that we are supposed to listen more than we talk since we have two ears and one mouth. When listening to someone, the listener should be at ease, since which it shows the speaker, that you are keen to listen and it is also expected that the listener will be patient and willing. As illustrated by Treuer. P (2011) the speaker should not get the impression that there is

Human Resourcse question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Resourcse question - Essay Example Evaluation of training requires persistence, adherence towards industry’s best practices and compliance to follow the details. When such measures are undertaken, training will be imparted in a corrective fashion, where the objective will be to mentor rather than merely passing time. Hence the objective of training evaluation is to draw parallel with how things shall be constructed and where anomalies can be resolved in a quantifiable manner. The critique of training is established by understanding that the organizational strategy requires a proper cover towards measures and steps which shall go a long way in developing how matters will be taken care of within the business concerns. It is the responsibility of the management and management alone has to be accountable to all other departments within the realms of a business (Sims, 1998). This training should be comprehensive and must cover areas which are deemed as inappropriate today but might be taken as significant in the fut ure. Training can be evaluated by making use of different questionnaires and testimonials from people who would require training for improving their professional settings. Questions could be asked of them to solicit their replies so that training can be adjudged as being fairly significant from one context or the other (Brewster and Pickard, 1994). The need is to learn where training is making headway and how it is on the weaker side. Actions are taken to address the latter points at the earliest. The return on expected outcomes is fairly simple to estimate. If the training modules cannot bring any significant change, then there are ought to be several problems that one might find with training. However, if the training is comprehensive, then the expectations that people have of it are fulfilled. When training is being undertaken to achieve sound results, the key performance indicators or KPIs for short are realized easily. However, when the training regimes have some weaknesses or grey areas within them, then it becomes a Herculean task to resolve the difficulties which stand in the way of achieving these KPIs. If the business has invested a great amount on training alone, it must make sure that this return on its investment comes with the passage of time. A training undertaking which goes wrong would not suffice as far as investment viability issues are concerned. Hence it is always a good idea to have a very realistic figure of the return on investment as far as training within an organization is concerned (Schuler, 2004). As Bramley, 1996 suggests, the actual criteria for training evaluation should always be built upon the activities of training right from the very beginning. This would mean that the initial phase of training will be able to draw results; otherwise it would not be seen as a feasible option. Sadler – Smith et al (1999) raise another important consideration with regards to training. This research points out that training evaluation is for the larger part made use of within feedback towards individuals as well as to inform and educate the process of training and slightly lesser for the return on investment as discussed earlier. This could have a completely different scenario than what was delved upon in the above paragraphs. After all, return on investment has always been a much imperative disposition on the part of the training regi

Answer some questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer some questions - Assignment Example As a result, authentication, access control and auditing work together to establish network defense through the verification procedures, assigning roles to users and installing control mechanisms that curb errors and frauds. A breach of the CIA triad for a campus police department at a mid-sized private university will allow access of confidential information to third parties. This can lead to loss of data through modification, alteration and disclosure, leading to harmful risks to students and the institution’s database. As a result, hackers can obtain personal information of students and use them for illegal activities like cyber bullying, leaking of examination or tampering with the management information systems. Another breach is that criminals or hackers can access the police methods of tackling crime and use them to evade arrests. This is because new systems of operations are normally taught in the campus police departments. However, the potential problems of this new authentication system are that it can be stolen or lost easily, the system provider can face hacking or the cryptography can be cracked. This implies that the loss of the token can permit an authorized person to access the database. It is also apparent that hacking of the token can affect their security purposes, especially if the provider has not installed tight measures. OSI model portrays and standardizes the internal operations of a communication system. This occurs through the partitioning of the communication system into concealed details of the functionalities. The OSI model is essential for network security because it simplifies the communication between computers through internet connectivity in a secure manner (Ciampa 125). The various network investigation tools available online includes L0phcrack, Domain Dossier, John the Ripper and Dictionary attack. L0phcrack is a password recovery system that strengthens

Corporate finance (Accounting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate finance (Accounting) - Essay Example By capital budgeting of an entity we mean a detailed planning of capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting helps in determining whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. When we consider the Research and Development projects of G&H PLC for the purpose of better decision making, we find that the fundamental project evaluation techniques like Pay back period, ARR (Accounting or Average Rate of Return), NPV (Net Present Value), or IRR (Internal Rate of Return) are applicable. The initial outlay or initial investment of the project of G&H Plc is 4m, i.e. 4000000. Pay Back Period= 4000000, i.e. ( '000s), Option A= 4000/468= 8.547 years approximately, and for option B= 4000/305= 13.114years approximately. If both options are considered in fact option A has 8.5years and B has more than 13years, but option B has a much higher return than option A, so it should be preferred. Assume that net income for the first year is taken for both options, and there is no scrap taking place. Both these options are not equal since the profit in Option B starts accruing at a much higher level as compared to the profits of Option A. So, ARR fails to give stress for the concept of Time Value of Money. 1RR= It means, the sum total of cash inflows after discounting equals to the discounted cash outflows. Under IRR, the discount rate makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. Assume that, here, in both options the discounted value is in between 10% and 12%. Take inflow of 10% given in the table above and 12% factor for Option A assumes 750.9 and Option B assumes 1750.3 approximately. IRR= r+ PVCFAT_ PVCO/PV*r Here, PVCO= present Value of cash outlay.

Homicide Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homicide - Case Study Example This paper, therefore, seeks to describe the characteristics of the criminal incident of Oscar Pistorius the amputee athlete who killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. Further, it will discuss more about this type of crime in terms of its prevalence, trends and costs. Additionally, the paper will discuss three theories that include: rational choice theory, trait theory, social structure theory in relation to this kind of homicide incident. Finally the paper will provide a brief conclusion on the suitable theory that most explains Pistorius’ Murder, discuss the implications of the theory for criminal justice policy, and what the criminal justice system should do to try to address the kind of murder committed by Pistorius. The criminal incident of focus is that of Oscar Pistorius, the amputee athlete who killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp in 2013. Harvey (2015) espouses that, in the month of February 2013, Pistorius, shot and killed Steenkamp in a toilet cubicle that was locked in Pretoria, South Africa. According to him, he shot the 28-year-old girlfriend believing she was an intruder. He was then arrested the next day, and the legal procedure ensued. In a case classified as a homicide, on September 12, 2014, Pistorius was found guilty of culpable homicide and sentenced to a maximum of five years in prison. Smit, de Jong, & Bijleveld, (2012) discuses: culpable homicide as existing in various jurisdictions of countries in the commonwealth and involves the illegal murder of an individual either intentionally or without the intention depending on the definition of the offence by the given jurisdiction. It adds that, as a cause of premature deaths globally, the evidence around this incident are more often scarce or hampered due to the missing information that characterizes the relationship between the victim and offender. As of 2013, 13.5% of homicides that took place were committed by partners in an intimate relationship. Of this, the proportion of

Corporate finance (Accounting) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate finance (Accounting) - Essay Example By capital budgeting of an entity we mean a detailed planning of capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting helps in determining whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. When we consider the Research and Development projects of G&H PLC for the purpose of better decision making, we find that the fundamental project evaluation techniques like Pay back period, ARR (Accounting or Average Rate of Return), NPV (Net Present Value), or IRR (Internal Rate of Return) are applicable. The initial outlay or initial investment of the project of G&H Plc is 4m, i.e. 4000000. Pay Back Period= 4000000, i.e. ( '000s), Option A= 4000/468= 8.547 years approximately, and for option B= 4000/305= 13.114years approximately. If both options are considered in fact option A has 8.5years and B has more than 13years, but option B has a much higher return than option A, so it should be preferred. Assume that net income for the first year is taken for both options, and there is no scrap taking place. Both these options are not equal since the profit in Option B starts accruing at a much higher level as compared to the profits of Option A. So, ARR fails to give stress for the concept of Time Value of Money. 1RR= It means, the sum total of cash inflows after discounting equals to the discounted cash outflows. Under IRR, the discount rate makes the NPV of the project equal to zero. Assume that, here, in both options the discounted value is in between 10% and 12%. Take inflow of 10% given in the table above and 12% factor for Option A assumes 750.9 and Option B assumes 1750.3 approximately. IRR= r+ PVCFAT_ PVCO/PV*r Here, PVCO= present Value of cash outlay.

How social class affect us who live in america Essay

How social class affect us who live in america - Essay Example The other classes work for the first class. This paper outlines the effects of social classes in various fields. Social class affects education. In America, the white race get favours when it comes to education. The whites are likely to pass their examinations compared to the other races, who are the minority. This is because the working classes, who are the whites, always do not expect much from their children (Leonhardt, 2005). The other minorities always have their hopes in their children, so that they help them in the future. This raises their expectations on the children’s results. The white children have everything, like financial support, and they are motivated to read more. Poverty has affected the way children study, because most of the times they will be out of school looking for fees. Social class affects the health care of society. There is a difference in health standards between classes, and this is not only because of the level of income. There is inequality in supply of health necessities depending on the social class of individuals (Scott, 2005). The high class lived long and fell sick less often, as compared to, the lower class. They have the necessary resources to acquire medication and access health-improving activities like sports and gym. The lower classes face hardships in life making them prone to diseases like hypertensions. They engage in healthy risky activities like abuse of drugs. Even if the low class gets employment, it will not improve their health because they will still live in areas of low standards. The social class affects how people relate to another. People socialize based on their level of classes. Most lower class men fear dating girls in the upper class (Lewin, 2012). The lower classes have low self-esteem because of their economic situation. They have stress, frustrations because of income inequality. The lower classes face many challenges, causing them to engage in criminal activities. They spend quality time away

College Student Stress Coping Essay Example for Free

College Student Stress Coping Essay College students facing academic, social, and other stresses such as finances and how to cope with them. The most common stress most college students face is the stress from the work load that is common in a higher education system. This is the major challenge, and you will be facing without the close guidance you may have previously enjoyed from a teacher or parent; Social stress seems to be more prominent with underclassmen leaving home and there support structure from home but can affect any college student. Most students find that the number one cause of stress for them is financially trying to juggle a full load, and work full time to support yourself and for other students pay for school. Academic stress seems to be what cause the biggest problem for most students. There are some things you can do if you would like to lower your stress level and make student life better. First thing you should do is get the right information from the very beginning. How many lectures, seminars or laboratory sessions are you supposed to be attending? With your assignments make sure you know exactly what you are being asked to do? How many words you’re expected to write and what the deadline is for handing it in. Also try to set up your own space for academic’s to make it easier to focus and concentrate, if you have a noisy roommate try to find a place in the library or even a local coffee shop to frequent. These suggestions will help lower your academics stress which will make life easier for the college student. Social stress for college students is something else that is very common especially in new college students. Most social stress comes from trying to fit it or even trying to create a new social network because in most case’s this is the first time away from home and away from your entire support structure and comfort zone. With social stress one of the most important things to remember is to try and stay involved in different activities at school and get involved with different organizations on campus to meet new people. When getting involved with the organization’s on campus you’ll meet new friends and become more socially outgoing which will help greatly with social stress. Reducing the amount of social stress in college students, will lead to a more enjoyable and positive experience. Financial stress tends to be to\he root of most students problems whether it’s from overspending, lack of proper guidance, peer pressure, inexperience or many other factors. As a result just about everyone is bogged down with large debts increasing day by day. As students many have tried different things to cut down expense but still no luck. There are many ways to help lift the financial stress for college students like taking federal or private loans, grants and scholarships, and working during the summer vacation. By taking federal or private loans you get to choose the best one that is suitable for your need, if you decide to go for a private one then do enough research to make sure you’re not at a loss and end up paying more instead of benefitting from it. Grants and scholarships are another great ideas because these will help lift the burden of some financial stress. When applying for grants and scholarships keep in mind these are offered free by federal organizations for the benefit of students. Make sure to take advantage of the situation but you have to prove worthy for these aids. Getting summer jobs will also help lift some of that financial stress because you can do it in your off time and not stress with studying or school work but catch up and save some money! The best ways for college students to cope with the stress of being away from home, social stress, and financial stress. Academic stress seems to be one of the most common among students. Most college students find that the added freedom of being away from the structure at home and the more difficult classes to be extremely stressful. Just remember try and create your own space for studying with a desk and a quiet place, if you have a noisy roommate find a nice place in the library or a nice local coffee shop to visit. Social stress also seems to be a major problem with college students. Trying to fit in and make new friends after leaving there comfort zone and support structure can be difficult. When starting at college try and get involved in activities to get you out and have a good time. Another great thing to do is get into some organizations to help meet new people and even become more outgoing to make the college experience more fun and less stress. Financial stress seems to be the biggest burden for college students trying to survive on your own and worrying about how you will pay for  school. Remember federal and private loans are a great way to lift stress off you but just do your research and find the one that will work best for your needs. Grants and scholarships are the best thing for most students because they are offered for free from federal organizations but you must prove yourself for these aids Summer jobs are great for students who want to make a little extra cash on the side and lift the stress and worry of college off their mind. B y following some of these tips you are sure to reduce some stress in your everyday college life.

People Oriented Leader Or Relations Oriented Leadership Business Essay

People Oriented Leader Or Relations Oriented Leadership Business Essay Many business majors do not see the early management though as primitive in nature. Modern management thinking is often thought as modern management theory. Modern management thinking has been researched in reference to early management though, businessmen today only have a clear understanding of current and modern managing thinking, they have little knowledge of the past management thinking. Management thought involves politics and theory. The politics of management thought often come from the ones whom want the management styles to be received (OConnor, 1999). Because of political institutions order can be restored under established institutions. Management science during the factory era did just that. This could be seen during the Great Depression where management was desperately needed for reestablishing jobs. The birth of The Labor Unions was in this era. This proved to be one of the most effective changes management science contributed to history (Wren/Bendein, 2009). Modern management has its foundations based on management science and thoughts. The birth of early management started like everything else started i.e. people wanting a solution to a problem. Management thought has been often thought of as a type of science, and in fact it is. Managerial science uses assets of human resources and business principles to define and resolve workplace issues (Bedeian, 2004). During the early era of factory companies managerial companies were basically absolute and non-existent this caused chaos and lack of communication. Miller in his book Barbarians to Bureaucrats mentioned that there must be a strong relationship between the life cycle stage of an organization and the nature of its leadership, where as leadership is defined as an elusive concept, which comes through a conversation quite easily but very, few people understand. The very idea of leadership presupposes the existence of follower. (Wright and Taylor) stated that the activity of leadership co uld not be carried out without the aid of the followers to lead. Advanced managerial thoughts are based on the foundations of Millers 7 stages which are Prophet, Barbarian, Builder and Explorer, Administrator, Bureaucrat, Aristocrat and Synergist. The compelling new vision of a prophet and the aggressive leadership of an iron willed barbarian, who implement the prophet ideas will help to build new techniques and expansions. The builder and the explorer then push these through, but the growth spawned by these managers can easily stagnate when the administrator sacrifices innovation to order, and the bureaucrat imposes tight control. The aristocrat spends his time re-arranging, trading, and manipulating the assets but is unable to create new ones. It is the synergist that are capable of specialized knowledge and skills, and the integration of those competencies makes them a business leader who balances creativity with order, to restore vitality and insure future growth. It is important that a leader has good ethics in leadership, this is because in management the leaders must take decision that not only will benefit them but also think how other people will be affected. Millers work showed how leaders offered their leadership skills with their known value and ethics. These stages offered more advanced managerial thoughts, since companies started to focus on more of a humanistic approach to resolving issues with managerial science by establishing policies and procedures as well as employee labor relations. Leadership can come in many forms such as: Autocratic Leadership Bureaucratic Leadership Charismatic Leadership Democratic Leader or Participative Leadership Laissez-Fair Leadership Task-Oriented Leadership People Oriented Leader or Relations-Oriented Leadership Servant Leadership Transactional Leadership Transformational Leadership The right leadership is chosen according to the requirements of the company it self. Each leadership carries its own scope. To be a good leader means switching him or herself instinctively between styles according to the people and work they are dealing with. To choose the most effective approach one must consider: The skill levels and experience of the members of the team. The work involved (routine or new and creative). The organizational environment (stable or radically changing, conservative or adventurous) Among all of the management thought theories there are some key principles that have been defined. The identification of systems is done by their structures, since there are different types of systems. These include: real system, abstract or analytical system and controlled system. Systems of theory provide an internally consistent framework for classifying and evaluating the world. This consists of many definitions and concepts. When system theory was first introduced to management science and organizations were significantly affected. The main effects of system theory in management are that educators and consultants started helping managers to change their overall perspective regarding an organization. Managers were being thought to look at an organization from a broader and new perspective, by interpreting patterns and events in the workplace. Before the theory of systems was introduced, managers used to focus on one part of an organization at a time and after they moved all attention to another part. In other words, the importance of synchronization between departments (or parts of an organization) was not given great importance. As already mentioned, earlier in the introduction, feedback, communication and collaboration between systems are a necessity in order for an organization to work efficiently with a common goal. Theory of systems is an abstract philosophical framework that involves a highly empirical and investigative form of management science [2]. Moreover, system of theories is a useful conceptual tool, although it is insufficient. System theory is a useful tool because it helps analyse orderly research problems while it is insufficient because researchers need to take a very active role to complete the abstract role suggested by the systems theory. It also clarifies the role of complex organisations in modern society; and predicts that the complexity of organisations, and therefore the role of management, will probably continue to increase at least for so long as the efficiency-enhancing potential of complexity can continue to outweigh its inevitably increased transaction costs. The introducing of theory of systems to managers, helped them recognizing the various parts of the organization, and in particular the interrelation of the parts. As system theory was introduced, it took much more of a holistic view of organisation, focusing on total work organization and the inter-relationship between structures and human behaviours producing a wide range of variable within organisations [3]. They help us understand the interactions between individuals, groups, communities, organizations, larger social systems, in their own environments and help us enhance our understanding of how human behaviour operates. The fundamentals of the past have been neglected by scholars of the present day. (Bedeian, 1998) states that evolution of management thought has been deprived of the past, which has the backbone of modern day management. It is a known fact that anything that is currently in existence as we as humans may know it to be, had to come from somewhere. The past exists in a reciprocal relationship with the present (Bedeian, 2004). Early management thought has evolved over this time period with more advanced thinking in how to better manage and keep order. Significant contributions have deemed necessary in order for management thought to become as evolved as we know it today. Modern Management Thinking is mainly surrounded by policies, procedures and ethical methodologies these guide the co-operation itself. Many aspects of modern management thought derived from the economic history of traditional management. Factory era management science concepts such as well-defined hierarchy, labor relations, rules and regulations, interpersonal skills, competence and records management cultivated the framework of the 21st century of modern management. (CliffsNotes, 2010) Structural contingency theory makes part of Modern Management. This theory is closely related to system design (Scott 2003). The contingency adopted an open systems view on organization. It is a class behavioural theory, which claims that theres no best way to organize a corporation, lead it or make decision. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. Some important contingencies for companies are listed below: 1. Technology 2. Suppliers and distributors 3. Consumer interest groups 4. Customers and competitors 5. Government 6. Unions Structural contingency theory suggests that companies will have a plan so that if any organizational change takes into place the other plan will be obtained. Therefore, each business ensures that it will operate within the most efficient structure to support the business. There are varies factors that influence structural contingency decisions and plans. This theory also states that organizational structure needs to fit the three contingencies of the environment, size and strategy. This means that every aspect of the current situation has to be taken in account when a manager makes a decision. It also has to act on the aspects that are the key of the situation at hand, this means that what worked once is not going to work on a different situation, that is why it all depends. According to this, the best style will be achieved due to a continuing effort of identifying the best leadership or management style. Making decisions or applying leadership styles contingent on internal and external factors. These can increase effectiveness in the current situation. Such theory is part of the contingency theories of leadership, decision-making and also rules. In this theory, it is explained that a managers success relies on variables such as the workforce, leadership style, task structure, perceived power of the manager and corporate culture. Modern management science is obviously shaped by every aspect of the past. Although education plays a great part in modern management thinking, the term modern thinking is truly understood by experience. Bedeian in his book the Gift of Professional Maturity explains the five lessons that are considered invaluable. The first lesson is that of realizing ideas are a product of their own time and place.(Bedeian, 2004). This is an epiphany for business majors because it denounces the idea of management thought being universal to all times. This type was evident in the Great Depression where as one can see it was only justified and useful in a particular time period. The second lesson in management thinking in accordance to Bedeian is the advantage of being an informed consumer of received knowledge. Having the correct information in a the palm of your hand will serve as an adversary when it comes to management thought; everything in management theory is based off of acclaimed information. Without received knowledge management is obsolete (Bedeian, 2004). The third lesson of Bedeian is the danger of inherent in relying on secondary source materials. Information is best effective when obtained from a primary source. Secondary information; when it comes to management thought is useless. Which is why modern management thought has a bit of an advantage over factor era management thought. Bedeian in his fourth lesson of management says: widely accepted facts are often wrong. He implies that accepted facts are widely wrong. In fact, this begs the explanation of what is considered accepted as fact. In management thought fact may not always be determined as fact unless the information to support the facts are true in nature (Bedeian, 2004). Employees had lack of managerial facts during the factory era. This included the actual conditions, which they had been working on. Due to an understated compensation, employees were not sure who they will believe while child labor was spread. By taking great strides to improve these facets of management, modern management has learnt lessons from the factory era. The fifth and last lesson of Bedeian is the special advantage of the past history. (Bedeian, 2004) Modern management thinking has had the advantage of learning from the past events that were so devastating to the world and has the advantage of making better management economic choices. After evaluating and discussing in detail such contributions, it can be concluded that effective and qualitative management is a necessity in both small and large corporations/businesses. The latter will yield a better organizational structure incorporating all the departments of a company to work as unity to achieve several goals.